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"Security Concepts, Challenges, and Design Considerations for Web Services Integration" | CISA
This document is part of the US-CERT website archive. These documents are no longer updated and may contain outdated information. Links may also no longer function.
Please contact info us-cert. gov if you have any questions about the US-CERT website archive. Security risks are inherent in all integration technologies.
Beyond the initial hype, where web services were viewed as a security pandemic, lie both real risks and new security paradigms. Reviews by Patrick Christiansen, Pamela Curtis, Bob Ellison, Andy Gordon, Patrick Harding, Gary McGraw, Nancy Mead, Tony Nadalin, Eric Newcomer, web services security thesis, Mark O'Neill, and Brian Roddy are gratefully acknowledged.
Web services evolved after object-oriented programming and component programming models were already in place, but web services represent a fundamentally different approach based on a document-oriented model designed for interoperability at a document, typically XML, level, web services security thesis. Hence, security and software architects must consider message web services security thesis, types, values, and message exchange patterns in their web services security thesis. Standards are increasingly important because web services can traverse organizational, geographical, and technical boundaries.
Protecting the messages that the services and systems operate on is a central aspect of web services security and will be a major focus of this document. Unfortunately, this is not the only security issue that web services developers must be concerned web services security thesis, and so guidance on other issues will be presented as well.
For example, issues of trust relating to services and web services security thesis that are not in your direct control pervade the web services landscape and must be addressed early in the development life cycle through security policies and building in a monitoring capability for security violations.
To support greater business efficiency and agility, information systems and their operations have become increasingly decentralized and, for a variety of historical, technical and business reasons, web services security thesis, increasingly heterogeneous. Business processes are distributed among far-flung business divisions, suppliers, partners, and customers, with each participant having their own special needs for technology and automation.
As a consequence, the demand for a high degree of interoperability among disparate information systems has never been greater. Traditional assembly and integration methods and the resulting integration software market stimulated by these methods are not particularly well suited to this new business environment. These methods rely on a tight coupling between cooperating systems, which requires either the universal deployment of homogeneous systems unlikely, considering the diversity and broad scale of modern business services or extraordinarily close coordination among participating development organizations during initial development and sustainment for example, to ensure that any changes to APIs or protocols are simultaneously reflected in all of the deployed systems.
In this business environment, such tight coordination is often impractical e. In contrast to traditional assembly and integration methods, web services technology provides a paradigm that uses messages in the form of XML documents passed among diverse, loosely coupled systems as the focal point for integration.
These systems are no longer viewed solely as components in a larger system of systems but also as providers of services that are web services security thesis to the messages. Web services are a special case of the more general notion of Service-Oriented Architectures SOA. Service-Oriented Architectures represent i. The goal of web services technology is to dramatically reduce the interoperability issues that would otherwise arise when integrating disparate systems using traditional means.
Web services offer a way for programmers and vendors to provide integration points with their systems through the use of synchronous and asynchronous message exchanges. Web services retain some of the features of object oriented and component programming models for example, reuse is a core value for both object oriented programming and web services. Likewise, network distribution of programs is a core element in both component programming and web services. But while retaining and extending many similar goals as object-oriented and component programming, web services is a fundamentally different programming model—instead of components being composed into subsystem or systems, services are composed into higher order services.
Web services is an architectural and programming model that achieves interoperability and reusability in the following ways:. Decoupling systems, virtualization and open standards, and interoperability at the document level are all based on the notion of a service:. A service is therefore defined in terms of the message exchange patterns it supports. A schema for the data contained in the message is used as the main part of the contract established between the service requester and a service provider.
Note that SOAP by itself does not contain security specifications, web services security thesis. Moreover, SOAP applications have the ability to essentially bypass network firewalls, which are among the most widely deployed security devices, by using ports that are typically open, such as port Since SOAP itself does not contain security mechanisms, this job is left to other mechanisms such as those described in the WS-Security and WS-Trust specifications.
Any technology system web services security thesis deploys these standards may participate in a web services architecture. Decoupling at various points, e, web services security thesis. interfaces may be implemented in a variety of technologies, and SOAP may be used over a variety of transportsallows for both interoperability and heterogeneity.
There are two main types of web services widely deployed today, web services security thesis. In this paper, we focus on SOAP web services and their related security functionality. Unless we specifically indicate otherwise, use of the term web services in this paper implies SOAP web services.
REST-style web services leverage the existing Web infrastructure, that is, plain XML i. REST [ Fielding ] is more of a grassroots movement, but does not provide security standards, so programmers must design security mechanisms and achieve interoperability without standards support.
For example, HMACs may be used in REST to authenticate messages, but the programmers are not guaranteed that the formats web services security thesis interoperable with other systems that may also be networked with the application. SOAP web services are typically implemented in either a synchronous RPC-style or in an asynchronous manner.
Each approach has unique considerations. In practice, a SOAP web services scenario typically comprises a number of participants, including service requesters, service providers, a registry, and a number of intermediaries such as messaging systems, management systems, metrics and monitoring tools, and even security tools, web services security thesis.
The enterprise service bus ESB pattern translates communication protocols, aggregates services, and provides a typically message-oriented middleware architecture for systems integration [ Krafzig ]. The enterprise service bus pattern builds on the core web services standards and shows a concrete integration example of web services technologies working in practice. In this example, an airline reservation system implements the enterprise service bus pattern to integrate servers and terminals across geographic locations.
Two client systems communicate to the bus via SOAP web services, while the airport terminal uses TCP sockets. The back end resources are a combination of technologies and protocols. The enterprise service bus is responsible for connectivity to these systems, ensuring that the data is delivered and that messages are communicated in accordance with policy and schema.
Note that an enterprise service bus pattern that serves as both a service provider and a service requester engenders many of the same security risks as any web services intermediary. Figure 2. An example enterprise service bus providing connectivity across platforms. In this example, the enterprise services bus plays a crucial role in integrating a set of collaborative systems that need to interoperate with a high degree of effectiveness to fulfill an overall business mission.
Including the ESB, there are seven systems represented; each system may have its own system-specific users, policies, web services security thesis, and security technologies, yet the systems are required to interoperate in a secure manner. The security implications, traps, and pitfalls of this integration pattern correspond to the key security issues for SOAP web services. Consistent with the physical world of entering secure facilities such as airports and military locations, web services security thesis, integration points such as those that web services provide at these technical and organizational border crossing points are of particular security concern.
SOAP web services have two main risk factors:. Note that many architectures do not use SOAP, but instead just use plain XML on its own over HTTP.
However, the typical distributed systems risks and message risks described above still apply. The threats are further categorized by service-level threats that are common to most distributed systems and message-level threats that impact SOAP web services XML messages. At the service level, authentication and authorization mechanisms for service requesters may be used to protect WSDL and related service metadata from disclosure threats.
The challenge from a security architecture standpoint is in unifying these concerns into a cohesive web services security thesis architecture. At the message level, there is not a centralized access control mechanism that can protect the XML request and response messages, once they are transmitted. This is especially true in a distributed integration system such as an enterprise service bus.
A message generated by a service requester that is posted to the enterprise service bus may traverse the enterprise service bus policy domain and additional systems that are integrated by the enterprise service bus that the initial service requester has no visibility to.
Hence, web services security thesis, the request in the form of an XML message must itself be protected against disclosure threats through a variety of message-level security mechanisms such as encryption and digital signatures, web services security thesis.
These are discussed in more detail in the next section. At the service level, spoofing may be mitigated by integrity and authentication mechanisms. Web services supports HTTP authentication methods such as HTTP Basic and mutual authentication through SSL, which provides limited protection against spoofing in point-to-point scenarios.
SOAP headers may be used for end-to-end authentication through WS-Security tokens like SAML Assertions, which provide authentication assertions that may be validated by relying parties, and through WS-Security, which defines how to associate SAML, X.
At the message level, message integrity through digital signatures and message origin authentication provide a countermeasure against message tampering. XML Signature is the standard used by both SAML and WS-Security for digital signatures, web services security thesis. The service may sign all or part of a message. At the service level, web services denial of service attacks are dealt with in a similar fashion to web application denial of service.
Routers, bandwidth monitoring, and other hardware are used to identify and protect against service disruption.
At the message level, it is a tricky proposition for the software security architect, because the XML parser is used to validate the XML message, web services security thesis the XML parser is the target of this particular attack. One of the main targets of XDoS is DTDs, so web services applications should never use DTDs—DTDs can contain an XDoS attack in a single message. DTDs are vulnerable to infinite recursion attacks that lead to XDoS, web services security thesis, and they are known to be vulnerable to other attacks as well.
Web services may be throttled to deal with disruption and XDoS attacks, and message size and frequency may be used to assess processing order and execution before parsing begins to deal web services security thesis this attack. Note that countermeasures may themselves introduce new security risks.
For example, adding encryption and digital signatures to messages increases the processing overhead, which may be exploited by adversaries to cause a denial of service. At the service level, when service registries are used in web services, they become a central organizing point for a large amount of sensitive information about services. Moreover, some service registries are used at runtime to bind service requesters and service providers dynamically.
The service registry and communication to and from the service registry should be hardened to the highest degree of assurance that is feasible in the system. For example, service requesters should not have privileges to write data to a service provider entry in the service registry, web services security thesis. At the message level, vendors are beginning to realize the impact that viruses, attached and posted with XML documents, may pose to the environment, web services security thesis.
For systems that may have XML or binary attachments, virus protection services should be deployed to scan XML and binary messages for viruses in a similar fashion to email messages, that is before the messages are executed for normal business operations. In addition to the above known threats and as mentioned above, SOAP web services inherit threats and vulnerabilities that are present in its dependent infrastructure, which may include HTTP, TCP, FTP, XML, and other constituent protocols and standards.
An integration truism aside from web services is that integration always presents risk when systems are integrated with other systems in ways that extend beyond their original design and purpose. Web services use open standards to address some of the new security risks introduced by this emerging paradigm. Open standards have the advantage of interoperability in many cases across technologies, and market forces may deliver best of breed niche products in areas where the point of greatest security pain exists.
For example, consumer authentication has been a particular area of concern for financial institutions that perform business online. Advancements in consumer authentication techniques are able to plug into web servers and other existing web services security thesis through open standards. Likewise, the SOAP standard is web services security thesis open protocol format, designed for composition, web services security thesis, so the XML representation of the SOAP message may expand in the future to contain additional security token types and values as new advancements and combinations are developed.
(SOA Workshop 2005) 09 - Web Services Security
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